Chloroplast what does it mean

Chloroplasts are enclosed by an envelope of two membranes which encompass a third complex membrane system, the thylakoids, including grana and lamellae. In addition, starch grains, plastoglobules, stromules, eyespots, pyrenoids, etc. It is widely accepted that chloroplasts evolved from a free-living photosynthetic cyanobacterium, which was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell.

Chloroplasts retain a minimal genome, most of the chloroplast proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and the gene products are transported into the chloroplast through complex import machinery. The coordination of nuclear and plastid genome expressions establishes the framework of both anterograde and retrograde signaling pathways. As the leaf develops from the shoot apical meristem, proplastids and etioplastids differentiate into chloroplasts.

Chloroplasts are divided by a huge protein complex, also called the plastid-dividing PD machinery, and their division is also regulated by many factors to get an optimized number and size of chloroplasts in the cell. These processes are fundamental for the biogenesis and three-dimensional dynamic structure of chloroplasts. During the photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species ROS and other cellular signals can be made.

As an important metabolic hub of the plant cell, the chloroplast health has been found critical for a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought, high light, cold, heat, oxidative stresses, phosphate deprivation, and programmed cell death at sites of infection.

The ground tissue of the leaf is composed of very loose, thin-walled cells, containing numerous chloroplasts. The large chloroplast in each half is composed of six longitudinal plates, united at the axis of the cell.

They contain numerous chloroplasts imbedded in the layer of protoplasm that lines the wall. Examples of chloroplast. The large subunits are chloroplast encoded and are arranged as 4 dimers. From the Cambridge English Corpus. The molecule is ubiquitous - it occurs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and also in the genomes of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Within eukaryotes, these elements are found within nuclear, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes.

Modification of the reactivity of spinach chloroplast thioredoxin f by site-directed mutagenesis. Evolutionists will find material to complement their own researches - mitochondrial variation, the chloroplast genome, secondary metabolites or cell wall chemistry for instance.

In the mesophyll cells, affected parts were cell wall, chloroplasts, mithocondria and nucleus. All these structures now provide a comprehensive view of how light regulates the activity of chloroplast enzymes through a chain of redox reactions. All incongruent sites involve position of the chloroplast , which is a high frequency derived variant in our sample.

One of the early radiating lines of descent incorporated a cyanobacterium that became the chloroplast , and an -proteobacterium that became the mitochondrion. Plant chloroplasts are considered to be ancient cyanobacteria, acquired through endosymbiosis. Also, some promising research regarding genetic engineering of the chloroplast genome might result in genetic engineering methods that hobble transgene spread via pollen. Adaptive evolution of chloroplast genome structure inferred using a parametric bootstrap approach.

The accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in senescencing leaves and chloroplasts in relation to lipid peroxidation.

These examples are from corpora and from sources on the web. Kids Definition of chloroplast. Medical Definition of chloroplast. More from Merriam-Webster on chloroplast Britannica. Get Word of the Day daily email! Test Your Vocabulary. Can you spell these 10 commonly misspelled words?

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